Synchronization of Computers

Abstract

Abstract. In complex systems where processes are controlled with the aid of computers (communications, power industry, transportation, etc.), it is ofien needed to refer events to one coordinated time scale or at least to time scales which are not divergent. To ensure this, the computers must be synchronized, preferably to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), or at least syntonized. This paper presents model equations for syntonization and synchronization of clocks along with measures that allow assessing the synchronization quality (stability and accuracy). AIso the difference between clock synchronization and computer synchronization is discussed. The final part of the paper is dedicated to the performance of three UTC dissemination systems which are appropri.:Je for computer synchronization (GPS, long-wave transmissiúns, and telephone).